PHONETICS

 





SPEECH RECOGNITION AND SYNTHESIS

 

Introduction


We are currently implementing the speech-synthesis module from our conversational agent “Rachael Repp” in all pages so that visitors can hear the text as well as read it.  The phonetic framework used by our group is partly based on Arpabet.  This is a phonetic transcription code developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of their Speech Understanding Project (1971-1976). It represents each phoneme (the smallest unit of sound in a language) of General American English with a distinct sequence of ASCII characters.  Arpabet has been used in several speech synthesizers and it is also used in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary.

 

 

Symbols

 

In Arpabet, every phoneme is represented by one or two capital letters. Digits are used as stress indicators and are placed at the end of the stressed syllabic vowel. Punctuation marks are used like in the written language, to represent intonation changes at the end of clauses and sentences. The stress values are:

 

Stress

Value

Description

0

No stress

1

Primary stress

2

Secondary stress

 

Vowels

 

Monophthongs

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word examples

AO

ɔ

off (AO1 F); fall (F AO1 L); frost (F R AO1 S T)

AA

ɑ

father (F AA1 DH ER), cot (K AA1 T)

IY

i

bee (B IY1); she (SH IY1)

UW

u

you (Y UW1); new (N UW1); food (F UW1 D)

EH

ɛ

red (R EH1 D); men (M EH1 N)

IH

ɪ

big (B IH1 G); win (W IH1 N)

UH

ʊ

should (SH UH1 D), could (K UH1 D)

AH

ʌ

but (B AH1 T), sun (S AH1 N)

ə

sofa (S OW1 F AH), alone (AH L OW1 N)

AE

æ

at (AE1 T); fast (F AE1 S T)

 

Diphthongs

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

EY

say (S EY1); eight (EY1 T)

AY

my (M AY1); why (W AY1); ride (R AY1 D)

OW

show (SH OW1); coat (K OW1 T)

AW

how (HH AW1); now (N AW1)

OY

ɔɪ

boy (B OY1); toy (T OY1)

 

R-colored vowels

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

ER

ɝ

her (HH ER0); bird (B ER1 D); hurt (HH ER1 T), nurse (N ER1 S)

ɚ

father (F AA1 DH ER); coward (K AW1 ER D)

EH R

ɛr

air (EH1 R); where (W EH1 R); hair (HH EH1 R)

UH R

ʊr

cure (K Y UH1 R); bureau (B Y UH1 R OW0), detour (D IH0 T UH1 R)

AO R

ɔr

more (M AO1 R); bored (B AO1 R D); chord (K AO1 R D)

AA R

ɑr

large (L AA1 R JH); hard (HH AA1 R D)

IH R or IY R

ɪr

ear (IY1 R); near (N IH1 R)

AW R

aʊr

This seems to be a rarely used r-controlled vowel. In some dialects flower (F L AW1 R; in other dialects F L AW1 ER0)

 

Consonants

 

Stops

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

P

p

pay (P EY1)

B

b

buy (B AY1)

T

t

take (T EY1 K)

D

d

day (D EY1)

K

k

key (K IY1)

G

ɡ

go (G OW1)

 

Affricates

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

CH

chair (CH EH1 R)

JH

just (JH AH1 S T); gym (JH IH1 M)

 

Fricatives

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

F

f

for (F AO1 R)

V

v

very (V EH1 R IY0)

TH

θ

thanks (TH AE1 NG K S); Thursday (TH ER1 Z D EY2)

DH

ð

that (DH AE1 T); the (DH AH0); them (DH EH1 M)

S

s

say (S EY1)

Z

z

zoo (Z UW1)

SH

ʃ

show (SH OW1)

ZH

ʒ

measure (M EH1 ZH ER0); pleasure (P L EH1 ZH ER)

HH

h

house (HH AW1 S)

 

Nasals

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

M

m

man (M AE1 N)

N

n

no (N OW1)

NG

ŋ

sing (S IH1 NG)

 

Liquids

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

L

l

late (L EY1 T)

R

r or ɹ

run (R AH1 N)

 

Semivowels

 

Arpabet

IPA

Word Examples

Y

j

yes (Y EH1 S)

W

w

way (W EY1)

(missing)

hw or ʍ

"when" etc. in some dialects

     

     

 

 

 


http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2011.142.html, 2011-09-29 12:00:00 by Nature Nanotechnology ISSN: 1748-3387 EISSN: 1748-3395 Banner image © Ward Lopes, Heinrich Jaeger About NPG Contact NPG RSS web feeds Help Privacy policy Legal notice Accessibility statement Terms Na.

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